CVE-2022-49440

Source
https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-49440
Import Source
https://storage.googleapis.com/osv-test-cve-osv-conversion/osv-output/CVE-2022-49440.json
JSON Data
https://api.test.osv.dev/v1/vulns/CVE-2022-49440
Downstream
Related
Published
2025-02-26T02:12:53Z
Modified
2025-10-15T22:09:34.537033Z
Summary
powerpc/rtas: Keep MSR[RI] set when calling RTAS
Details

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

powerpc/rtas: Keep MSR[RI] set when calling RTAS

RTAS runs in real mode (MSR[DR] and MSR[IR] unset) and in 32-bit big endian mode (MSR[SF,LE] unset).

The change in MSR is done in enter_rtas() in a relatively complex way, since the MSR value could be hardcoded.

Furthermore, a panic has been reported when hitting the watchdog interrupt while running in RTAS, this leads to the following stack trace:

watchdog: CPU 24 Hard LOCKUP watchdog: CPU 24 TB:997512652051031, last heartbeat TB:997504470175378 (15980ms ago) ... Supported: No, Unreleased kernel CPU: 24 PID: 87504 Comm: drmgr Kdump: loaded Tainted: G E X 5.14.21-150400.71.1.bz1963622-default #1 SLE15-SP4 (unreleased) 0d821077ef4faa8dfaf370efb5fdca1fa35f4e2c NIP: 000000001fb41050 LR: 000000001fb4104c CTR: 0000000000000000 REGS: c00000000fc33d60 TRAP: 0100 Tainted: G E X (5.14.21-150400.71.1.bz1963622-default) MSR: 8000000002981000 <SF,VEC,VSX,ME> CR: 48800002 XER: 20040020 CFAR: 000000000000011c IRQMASK: 1 GPR00: 0000000000000003 ffffffffffffffff 0000000000000001 00000000000050dc GPR04: 000000001ffb6100 0000000000000020 0000000000000001 000000001fb09010 GPR08: 0000000020000000 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 GPR12: 80040000072a40a8 c00000000ff8b680 0000000000000007 0000000000000034 GPR16: 000000001fbf6e94 000000001fbf6d84 000000001fbd1db0 000000001fb3f008 GPR20: 000000001fb41018 ffffffffffffffff 000000000000017f fffffffffffff68f GPR24: 000000001fb18fe8 000000001fb3e000 000000001fb1adc0 000000001fb1cf40 GPR28: 000000001fb26000 000000001fb460f0 000000001fb17f18 000000001fb17000 NIP [000000001fb41050] 0x1fb41050 LR [000000001fb4104c] 0x1fb4104c Call Trace: Instruction dump: XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX Oops: Unrecoverable System Reset, sig: 6 [#1] LE PAGESIZE=64K MMU=Hash SMP NRCPUS=2048 NUMA pSeries ... Supported: No, Unreleased kernel CPU: 24 PID: 87504 Comm: drmgr Kdump: loaded Tainted: G E X 5.14.21-150400.71.1.bz1963622-default #1 SLE15-SP4 (unreleased) 0d821077ef4faa8dfaf370efb5fdca1fa35f4e2c NIP: 000000001fb41050 LR: 000000001fb4104c CTR: 0000000000000000 REGS: c00000000fc33d60 TRAP: 0100 Tainted: G E X (5.14.21-150400.71.1.bz1963622-default) MSR: 8000000002981000 <SF,VEC,VSX,ME> CR: 48800002 XER: 20040020 CFAR: 000000000000011c IRQMASK: 1 GPR00: 0000000000000003 ffffffffffffffff 0000000000000001 00000000000050dc GPR04: 000000001ffb6100 0000000000000020 0000000000000001 000000001fb09010 GPR08: 0000000020000000 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 GPR12: 80040000072a40a8 c00000000ff8b680 0000000000000007 0000000000000034 GPR16: 000000001fbf6e94 000000001fbf6d84 000000001fbd1db0 000000001fb3f008 GPR20: 000000001fb41018 ffffffffffffffff 000000000000017f fffffffffffff68f GPR24: 000000001fb18fe8 000000001fb3e000 000000001fb1adc0 000000001fb1cf40 GPR28: 000000001fb26000 000000001fb460f0 000000001fb17f18 000000001fb17000 NIP [000000001fb41050] 0x1fb41050 LR [000000001fb4104c] 0x1fb4104c Call Trace: Instruction dump: XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX ---[ end trace 3ddec07f638c34a2 ]---

This happens because MSR[RI] is unset when entering RTAS but there is no valid reason to not set it here.

RTAS is expected to be called with MSR[RI] as specified in PAPR+ section "7.2.1 Machine State":

R1–7.2.1–9. If called with MSR[RI] equal to 1, then RTAS must protect its own critical regions from recursion by setting the MSR[RI] bit to 0 when in the critical regions.

Fixing this by reviewing the way MSR is compute before calling RTAS. Now a hardcoded value meaning real ---truncated---

References

Affected packages

Git / git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git

Affected ranges

Type
GIT
Repo
https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git
Events
Introduced
1da177e4c3f41524e886b7f1b8a0c1fc7321cac2
Fixed
5ca40fcf0da0ce2b5bc44e7d8b036535955f2e3d
Type
GIT
Repo
https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git
Events
Introduced
1da177e4c3f41524e886b7f1b8a0c1fc7321cac2
Fixed
5f4367448f6817c8a0e94dc9736ed84fa8eee4a3
Type
GIT
Repo
https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git
Events
Introduced
1da177e4c3f41524e886b7f1b8a0c1fc7321cac2
Fixed
c9c41f0273826a13ac93124e66a4ff45df281ba0
Type
GIT
Repo
https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git
Events
Introduced
1da177e4c3f41524e886b7f1b8a0c1fc7321cac2
Fixed
b6b1c3ce06ca438eb24e0f45bf0e63ecad0369f5

Affected versions

v2.*

v2.6.12
v2.6.12-rc2
v2.6.12-rc3
v2.6.12-rc4
v2.6.12-rc5
v2.6.12-rc6
v2.6.13
v2.6.13-rc1
v2.6.13-rc2
v2.6.13-rc3
v2.6.13-rc4
v2.6.13-rc5
v2.6.13-rc6
v2.6.13-rc7
v2.6.14
v2.6.14-rc1
v2.6.14-rc2
v2.6.14-rc3
v2.6.14-rc4
v2.6.14-rc5
v2.6.15
v2.6.15-rc1
v2.6.15-rc2
v2.6.15-rc3
v2.6.15-rc4
v2.6.15-rc5
v2.6.15-rc6
v2.6.15-rc7
v2.6.16
v2.6.16-rc1
v2.6.16-rc2
v2.6.16-rc3
v2.6.16-rc4
v2.6.16-rc5
v2.6.16-rc6
v2.6.17
v2.6.17-rc1
v2.6.17-rc2
v2.6.17-rc3
v2.6.17-rc4
v2.6.17-rc5
v2.6.17-rc6
v2.6.18
v2.6.18-rc1
v2.6.18-rc2
v2.6.18-rc3
v2.6.18-rc4
v2.6.18-rc5
v2.6.18-rc6
v2.6.18-rc7
v2.6.19
v2.6.19-rc1
v2.6.19-rc2
v2.6.19-rc3
v2.6.19-rc4
v2.6.19-rc5
v2.6.19-rc6
v2.6.20
v2.6.20-rc1
v2.6.20-rc2
v2.6.20-rc3
v2.6.20-rc4
v2.6.20-rc5
v2.6.20-rc6
v2.6.20-rc7
v2.6.21
v2.6.21-rc1
v2.6.21-rc2
v2.6.21-rc3
v2.6.21-rc4
v2.6.21-rc5
v2.6.21-rc6
v2.6.21-rc7
v2.6.22
v2.6.22-rc1
v2.6.22-rc2
v2.6.22-rc3
v2.6.22-rc4
v2.6.22-rc5
v2.6.22-rc6
v2.6.22-rc7
v2.6.23
v2.6.23-rc1
v2.6.23-rc2
v2.6.23-rc3
v2.6.23-rc4
v2.6.23-rc5
v2.6.23-rc6
v2.6.23-rc7
v2.6.23-rc8
v2.6.23-rc9
v2.6.24
v2.6.24-rc1
v2.6.24-rc2
v2.6.24-rc3
v2.6.24-rc4
v2.6.24-rc5
v2.6.24-rc6
v2.6.24-rc7
v2.6.24-rc8
v2.6.25
v2.6.25-rc1
v2.6.25-rc2
v2.6.25-rc3
v2.6.25-rc4
v2.6.25-rc5
v2.6.25-rc6
v2.6.25-rc7
v2.6.25-rc8
v2.6.25-rc9
v2.6.26
v2.6.26-rc1
v2.6.26-rc2
v2.6.26-rc3
v2.6.26-rc4
v2.6.26-rc5
v2.6.26-rc6
v2.6.26-rc7
v2.6.26-rc8
v2.6.26-rc9
v2.6.27
v2.6.27-rc1
v2.6.27-rc2
v2.6.27-rc3
v2.6.27-rc4
v2.6.27-rc5
v2.6.27-rc6
v2.6.27-rc7
v2.6.27-rc8
v2.6.27-rc9
v2.6.28
v2.6.28-rc1
v2.6.28-rc2
v2.6.28-rc3
v2.6.28-rc4
v2.6.28-rc5
v2.6.28-rc6
v2.6.28-rc7
v2.6.28-rc8
v2.6.28-rc9
v2.6.29
v2.6.29-rc1
v2.6.29-rc2
v2.6.29-rc3
v2.6.29-rc4
v2.6.29-rc5
v2.6.29-rc6
v2.6.29-rc7
v2.6.29-rc8
v2.6.30
v2.6.30-rc1
v2.6.30-rc2
v2.6.30-rc3
v2.6.30-rc4
v2.6.30-rc5
v2.6.30-rc6
v2.6.30-rc7
v2.6.30-rc8
v2.6.31
v2.6.31-rc1
v2.6.31-rc2
v2.6.31-rc3
v2.6.31-rc4
v2.6.31-rc5
v2.6.31-rc6
v2.6.31-rc7
v2.6.31-rc8
v2.6.31-rc9
v2.6.32
v2.6.32-rc1
v2.6.32-rc2
v2.6.32-rc3
v2.6.32-rc4
v2.6.32-rc5
v2.6.32-rc6
v2.6.32-rc7
v2.6.32-rc8
v2.6.33
v2.6.33-rc1
v2.6.33-rc2
v2.6.33-rc3
v2.6.33-rc4
v2.6.33-rc5
v2.6.33-rc6
v2.6.33-rc7
v2.6.33-rc8
v2.6.34
v2.6.34-rc1
v2.6.34-rc2
v2.6.34-rc3
v2.6.34-rc4
v2.6.34-rc5
v2.6.34-rc6
v2.6.34-rc7
v2.6.35
v2.6.35-rc1
v2.6.35-rc2
v2.6.35-rc3
v2.6.35-rc4
v2.6.35-rc5
v2.6.35-rc6
v2.6.36
v2.6.36-rc1
v2.6.36-rc2
v2.6.36-rc3
v2.6.36-rc4
v2.6.36-rc5
v2.6.36-rc6
v2.6.36-rc7
v2.6.36-rc8
v2.6.37
v2.6.37-rc1
v2.6.37-rc2
v2.6.37-rc3
v2.6.37-rc4
v2.6.37-rc5
v2.6.37-rc6
v2.6.37-rc7
v2.6.37-rc8
v2.6.38
v2.6.38-rc1
v2.6.38-rc2
v2.6.38-rc3
v2.6.38-rc4
v2.6.38-rc5
v2.6.38-rc6
v2.6.38-rc7
v2.6.38-rc8
v2.6.39
v2.6.39-rc1
v2.6.39-rc2
v2.6.39-rc3
v2.6.39-rc4
v2.6.39-rc5
v2.6.39-rc6
v2.6.39-rc7

v3.*

v3.0
v3.0-rc1
v3.0-rc2
v3.0-rc3
v3.0-rc4
v3.0-rc5
v3.0-rc6
v3.0-rc7
v3.1
v3.1-rc1
v3.1-rc10
v3.1-rc2
v3.1-rc3
v3.1-rc4
v3.1-rc5
v3.1-rc6
v3.1-rc7
v3.1-rc8
v3.1-rc9
v3.10
v3.10-rc1
v3.10-rc2
v3.10-rc3
v3.10-rc4
v3.10-rc5
v3.10-rc6
v3.10-rc7
v3.11
v3.11-rc1
v3.11-rc2
v3.11-rc3
v3.11-rc4
v3.11-rc5
v3.11-rc6
v3.11-rc7
v3.12
v3.12-rc1
v3.12-rc2
v3.12-rc3
v3.12-rc4
v3.12-rc5
v3.12-rc6
v3.12-rc7
v3.13
v3.13-rc1
v3.13-rc2
v3.13-rc3
v3.13-rc4
v3.13-rc5
v3.13-rc6
v3.13-rc7
v3.13-rc8
v3.14
v3.14-rc1
v3.14-rc2
v3.14-rc3
v3.14-rc4
v3.14-rc5
v3.14-rc6
v3.14-rc7
v3.14-rc8
v3.15
v3.15-rc1
v3.15-rc2
v3.15-rc3
v3.15-rc4
v3.15-rc5
v3.15-rc6
v3.15-rc7
v3.15-rc8
v3.16
v3.16-rc1
v3.16-rc2
v3.16-rc3
v3.16-rc4
v3.16-rc5
v3.16-rc6
v3.16-rc7
v3.17
v3.17-rc1
v3.17-rc2
v3.17-rc3
v3.17-rc4
v3.17-rc5
v3.17-rc6
v3.17-rc7
v3.18
v3.18-rc1
v3.18-rc2
v3.18-rc3
v3.18-rc4
v3.18-rc5
v3.18-rc6
v3.18-rc7
v3.19
v3.19-rc1
v3.19-rc2
v3.19-rc3
v3.19-rc4
v3.19-rc5
v3.19-rc6
v3.19-rc7
v3.2
v3.2-rc1
v3.2-rc2
v3.2-rc3
v3.2-rc4
v3.2-rc5
v3.2-rc6
v3.2-rc7
v3.3
v3.3-rc1
v3.3-rc2
v3.3-rc3
v3.3-rc4
v3.3-rc5
v3.3-rc6
v3.3-rc7
v3.4
v3.4-rc1
v3.4-rc2
v3.4-rc3
v3.4-rc4
v3.4-rc5
v3.4-rc6
v3.4-rc7
v3.5
v3.5-rc1
v3.5-rc2
v3.5-rc3
v3.5-rc4
v3.5-rc5
v3.5-rc6
v3.5-rc7
v3.6
v3.6-rc1
v3.6-rc2
v3.6-rc3
v3.6-rc4
v3.6-rc5
v3.6-rc6
v3.6-rc7
v3.7
v3.7-rc1
v3.7-rc2
v3.7-rc3
v3.7-rc4
v3.7-rc5
v3.7-rc6
v3.7-rc7
v3.7-rc8
v3.8
v3.8-rc1
v3.8-rc2
v3.8-rc3
v3.8-rc4
v3.8-rc5
v3.8-rc6
v3.8-rc7
v3.9
v3.9-rc1
v3.9-rc2
v3.9-rc3
v3.9-rc4
v3.9-rc5
v3.9-rc6
v3.9-rc7
v3.9-rc8

v4.*

v4.0
v4.0-rc1
v4.0-rc2
v4.0-rc3
v4.0-rc4
v4.0-rc5
v4.0-rc6
v4.0-rc7
v4.1
v4.1-rc1
v4.1-rc2
v4.1-rc3
v4.1-rc4
v4.1-rc5
v4.1-rc6
v4.1-rc7
v4.1-rc8
v4.10
v4.10-rc1
v4.10-rc2
v4.10-rc3
v4.10-rc4
v4.10-rc5
v4.10-rc6
v4.10-rc7
v4.10-rc8
v4.11
v4.11-rc1
v4.11-rc2
v4.11-rc3
v4.11-rc4
v4.11-rc5
v4.11-rc6
v4.11-rc7
v4.11-rc8
v4.12
v4.12-rc1
v4.12-rc2
v4.12-rc3
v4.12-rc4
v4.12-rc5
v4.12-rc6
v4.12-rc7
v4.13
v4.13-rc1
v4.13-rc2
v4.13-rc3
v4.13-rc4
v4.13-rc5
v4.13-rc6
v4.13-rc7
v4.14
v4.14-rc1
v4.14-rc2
v4.14-rc3
v4.14-rc4
v4.14-rc5
v4.14-rc6
v4.14-rc7
v4.14-rc8
v4.15
v4.15-rc1
v4.15-rc2
v4.15-rc3
v4.15-rc4
v4.15-rc5
v4.15-rc6
v4.15-rc7
v4.15-rc8
v4.15-rc9
v4.16
v4.16-rc1
v4.16-rc2
v4.16-rc3
v4.16-rc4
v4.16-rc5
v4.16-rc6
v4.16-rc7
v4.17
v4.17-rc1
v4.17-rc2
v4.17-rc3
v4.17-rc4
v4.17-rc5
v4.17-rc6
v4.17-rc7
v4.18
v4.18-rc1
v4.18-rc2
v4.18-rc3
v4.18-rc4
v4.18-rc5
v4.18-rc6
v4.18-rc7
v4.18-rc8
v4.19
v4.19-rc1
v4.19-rc2
v4.19-rc3
v4.19-rc4
v4.19-rc5
v4.19-rc6
v4.19-rc7
v4.19-rc8
v4.2
v4.2-rc1
v4.2-rc2
v4.2-rc3
v4.2-rc4
v4.2-rc5
v4.2-rc6
v4.2-rc7
v4.2-rc8
v4.20
v4.20-rc1
v4.20-rc2
v4.20-rc3
v4.20-rc4
v4.20-rc5
v4.20-rc6
v4.20-rc7
v4.3
v4.3-rc1
v4.3-rc2
v4.3-rc3
v4.3-rc4
v4.3-rc5
v4.3-rc6
v4.3-rc7
v4.4
v4.4-rc1
v4.4-rc2
v4.4-rc3
v4.4-rc4
v4.4-rc5
v4.4-rc6
v4.4-rc7
v4.4-rc8
v4.5
v4.5-rc1
v4.5-rc2
v4.5-rc3
v4.5-rc4
v4.5-rc5
v4.5-rc6
v4.5-rc7
v4.6
v4.6-rc1
v4.6-rc2
v4.6-rc3
v4.6-rc4
v4.6-rc5
v4.6-rc6
v4.6-rc7
v4.7
v4.7-rc1
v4.7-rc2
v4.7-rc3
v4.7-rc4
v4.7-rc5
v4.7-rc6
v4.7-rc7
v4.8
v4.8-rc1
v4.8-rc2
v4.8-rc3
v4.8-rc4
v4.8-rc5
v4.8-rc6
v4.8-rc7
v4.8-rc8
v4.9
v4.9-rc1
v4.9-rc2
v4.9-rc3
v4.9-rc4
v4.9-rc5
v4.9-rc6
v4.9-rc7
v4.9-rc8

v5.*

v5.0
v5.0-rc1
v5.0-rc2
v5.0-rc3
v5.0-rc4
v5.0-rc5
v5.0-rc6
v5.0-rc7
v5.0-rc8
v5.1
v5.1-rc1
v5.1-rc2
v5.1-rc3
v5.1-rc4
v5.1-rc5
v5.1-rc6
v5.1-rc7
v5.10
v5.10-rc1
v5.10-rc2
v5.10-rc3
v5.10-rc4
v5.10-rc5
v5.10-rc6
v5.10-rc7
v5.11
v5.11-rc1
v5.11-rc2
v5.11-rc3
v5.11-rc4
v5.11-rc5
v5.11-rc6
v5.11-rc7
v5.12
v5.12-rc1
v5.12-rc1-dontuse
v5.12-rc2
v5.12-rc3
v5.12-rc4
v5.12-rc5
v5.12-rc6
v5.12-rc7
v5.12-rc8
v5.13
v5.13-rc1
v5.13-rc2
v5.13-rc3
v5.13-rc4
v5.13-rc5
v5.13-rc6
v5.13-rc7
v5.14
v5.14-rc1
v5.14-rc2
v5.14-rc3
v5.14-rc4
v5.14-rc5
v5.14-rc6
v5.14-rc7
v5.15
v5.15-rc1
v5.15-rc2
v5.15-rc3
v5.15-rc4
v5.15-rc5
v5.15-rc6
v5.15-rc7
v5.15.1
v5.15.10
v5.15.11
v5.15.12
v5.15.13
v5.15.14
v5.15.15
v5.15.16
v5.15.17
v5.15.18
v5.15.19
v5.15.2
v5.15.20
v5.15.21
v5.15.22
v5.15.23
v5.15.24
v5.15.25
v5.15.26
v5.15.27
v5.15.28
v5.15.29
v5.15.3
v5.15.30
v5.15.31
v5.15.32
v5.15.33
v5.15.34
v5.15.35
v5.15.36
v5.15.37
v5.15.38
v5.15.39
v5.15.4
v5.15.40
v5.15.41
v5.15.42
v5.15.43
v5.15.44
v5.15.45
v5.15.5
v5.15.6
v5.15.7
v5.15.8
v5.15.9
v5.16
v5.16-rc1
v5.16-rc2
v5.16-rc3
v5.16-rc4
v5.16-rc5
v5.16-rc6
v5.16-rc7
v5.16-rc8
v5.17
v5.17-rc1
v5.17-rc2
v5.17-rc3
v5.17-rc4
v5.17-rc5
v5.17-rc6
v5.17-rc7
v5.17-rc8
v5.17.1
v5.17.10
v5.17.11
v5.17.12
v5.17.13
v5.17.2
v5.17.3
v5.17.4
v5.17.5
v5.17.6
v5.17.7
v5.17.8
v5.17.9
v5.18
v5.18-rc1
v5.18-rc2
v5.18-rc3
v5.18-rc4
v5.18-rc5
v5.18-rc6
v5.18-rc7
v5.18.1
v5.18.2
v5.2
v5.2-rc1
v5.2-rc2
v5.2-rc3
v5.2-rc4
v5.2-rc5
v5.2-rc6
v5.2-rc7
v5.3
v5.3-rc1
v5.3-rc2
v5.3-rc3
v5.3-rc4
v5.3-rc5
v5.3-rc6
v5.3-rc7
v5.3-rc8
v5.4
v5.4-rc1
v5.4-rc2
v5.4-rc3
v5.4-rc4
v5.4-rc5
v5.4-rc6
v5.4-rc7
v5.4-rc8
v5.5
v5.5-rc1
v5.5-rc2
v5.5-rc3
v5.5-rc4
v5.5-rc5
v5.5-rc6
v5.5-rc7
v5.6
v5.6-rc1
v5.6-rc2
v5.6-rc3
v5.6-rc4
v5.6-rc5
v5.6-rc6
v5.6-rc7
v5.7
v5.7-rc1
v5.7-rc2
v5.7-rc3
v5.7-rc4
v5.7-rc5
v5.7-rc6
v5.7-rc7
v5.8
v5.8-rc1
v5.8-rc2
v5.8-rc3
v5.8-rc4
v5.8-rc5
v5.8-rc6
v5.8-rc7
v5.9
v5.9-rc1
v5.9-rc2
v5.9-rc3
v5.9-rc4
v5.9-rc5
v5.9-rc6
v5.9-rc7
v5.9-rc8

Linux / Kernel

Package

Name
Kernel

Affected ranges

Type
ECOSYSTEM
Events
Introduced
0Unknown introduced version / All previous versions are affected
Fixed
5.15.46
Type
ECOSYSTEM
Events
Introduced
5.16.0
Fixed
5.17.14
Type
ECOSYSTEM
Events
Introduced
5.18.0
Fixed
5.18.3